In the 1960s, Catalan industry was transformed. The textile sector ceded to other more dynamic sectors such as the iron and steel, and the chemicals industries. The presence of foreign capital invigorated the sector with a new sense of dynamism and competitiveness. Industrial expansion affected many Catalan cities, the most obvious consequences being the building of new industrial estates and new districts of housing for workers with poor infrastructure and unsatisfactory living conditions. Speculation, a lack of control and no planning led to urban chaos.