The post-war years were characterised by adversity - rationing, the black market, fuel restrictions and industrial stagnation - that arose from the regime's policy of self-sufficiency and interventionism. Attempts were made to break up the economic fabric of Catalonia, and Catalan companies were discriminated against in the supply of raw materials and energy. New company formation was hindered and those in business had to establish their central offices in Madrid. In 1940, the Free Equity Market was closed down. Catalan banks were swallowed up by the Spanish banking system, which had an impact on the decision-making centres of the Catalan economy.