Some 150,000 of the Catalans who remained in Catalonia were imprisoned in concentration camps; 4,000 of them were shot. Punitive repression affected all ideologies. Manuel Carrasco i Formiguera, a Christian democrat, was executed in 1938; Joan Peiró, an anarcho-syndicalist, in 1942; Carles Rahola, a republican, in 1939; and Francesc Vidal i Barraquer, the Archbishop of Tarragona, had to go into lifelong exile. Lluís Companys was arrested by the Gestapo in France and handed over to the Francoist authorities. On 14 October, he was condemned to death at the castle on Montjuïc and the sentence was carried out the following day.