At five o'clock in the morning of 11 September 1714, 20,000 Bourbon soldiers began the assault on the city through seven breaches opened up in the walls by the artillery. Resistance throughout the city forced the Duke of Berwick, commander of the occupying forces, to draw on his reserve troops. The resistance fought on, falling back street by street, with a loss of almost 4,000 men. Early in the afternoon, the city surrendered. On 13 September, the Bourbon troops entered the city. Barcelona buried its dead and returned to normal, with open shops and workshops. The War of the Spanish Succession and Catalonia's sovereignty were at an end.