The demographic crisis led to the depopulation of many run-down farms that families had worked but had never come to own. In order to keep up their incomes, the nobles squeezed the remaining peasantry by imposing the remença (a redemption payment paid by serfs) and other taxes known as the Evil Usages. Ill feeling led to uprisings, the most violent of which were the Civil War of 1462-1472 and the second Revolt of the Remences in 1484-1485. Fernando II crushed this last revolt harshly and abolished the Evil Usages with the Guadalupe ruling of 1486. However, he retained the basic feudal elements and obliged peasants to pay compensation in order to free themselves from their bond.