In the autumn of 1936, over 30,000 volunteers covered the Aragon front and tried unsuccessfully to liberate Zaragoza. Attempts to liberate Majorca also failed. Catalan columns moved to Madrid to help in the city's defence. The war effort in Catalonia included the manufacture of arms and equipment for use in the conflict, which were distributed throughout republican territory. In November 1938, more than a million refugees settled in Catalonia. Evidence of international solidarity appeared in the areas governed by the Republic and volunteers from around the world formed the International Brigades.