Life in the rearguard was not easy, as there was a lack of staples, price rises and the black market to deal with. Nevertheless, innovative initiatives in civil defence, health, education and culture were implemented. The New Unified School Council was formed, which achieved schooling for all children for the first time ever, and introduced co-education. The General Health Council was also effective. Dr. Josep Trueta's new treatment of war wounds saved hundreds of people from death or mutilation. Women worked hard each day to ensure that their families survived.