The social upheaval, the military defeats in Morocco and the state of permanent crisis gave the captain-general of Catalonia, Miguel Primo de Rivera, the excuse to declare a military dictatorship on 13 September 1913. The coup was supported by the monarchy and much of the bourgeoisie. Trade unionism, left-wing Catalanism and expressions of Catalan culture were all suppressed. The Prats de Molló Conspiracy brought Francesc Macià, the leader of Catalan State, added prestige. Libertarian sectors set up the FAI (Iberian Anarchist Federation). Macià and the leaders of the FAI, Bonaventura Durruti and Francesc Ascaso, went into exile.